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"Moskva (; literally: Moscow) was a Soviet polar icebreaker and the lead ship of a series of five diesel-electric icebreakers named after major Soviet cities. She was built at Wärtsilä Hietalahti shipyard in Helsinki, Finland, in 1960 and was at the time of her delivery the largest and most powerful non- nuclear icebreaker ever built. Shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Moskva was decommissioned after a long and successful career along the Northern Sea Route and sold for scrap in 1992. In February 1985, Moskva became the center of international attention when a herd of beluga whales was trapped by ice near the Chukchi Peninsula in the Soviet Far East. The icebreaker broke a channel through the ice pack and managed to lead about 2,000 whales to the open sea. Construction Moskva under construction at Wärtsilä Hietalahti shipyard. In 1956, the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union decided to increase the importance and capacity of the Northern Sea Route. This ambitious plan called for the construction of stronger and more powerful icebreakers, including the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker Lenin, that could overcome the challenging ice conditions and extend the navigating season in the Russian Arctic.Horensma, P. The Soviet Arctic. Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. . The new icebreaker designs were developed by the Leningrad-based Central Design Bureau-15 (today known as Central Design Bureau "Iceberg").Мурманск — Владивосток на ледоколе „Москва“. Арктика Антарктика Филателия: "Летопись Севера" т.IV. Following the successful delivery of three smaller diesel-electric icebreakers to the Soviet Union in 1954–1956, the Finnish shipbuilder Wärtsilä had established itself as one of the leading builders of icebreaking ships. Once when the Soviet minister of commerce Anastas Mikoyan met the Wärtsilä manager Wilhelm Wahlforss, he expressed his satisfaction on quality and performance of Kapitan-class, and casually mentioned, that there is a need for even stronger icebreakers for the polar waters. He listed the requirements on a sheet of paper. Wahlforss called the Hietalahti shipyard manager Eric Holmström and the company's icebreaker specialist Ernst Bäckström to a meeting asking: "Are we able to construct such a ship?" Bäckström answered directly: "Yes, we are." Subsequently, Bäckström made a 1:500-scaled sketch of the new 22,000-hp icebreaker in relation to Kapitan-class. Wahlforss took the drawing with him in 1954 to a meeting in Moscow where he had dinner with Mikoyan. When Mikoyan opened the discussion about the new icebreaker concept, Wahlforss took the drawing from his suitcase asking "Is this what you need?". Mikoyan became very delighted and said: "For three years I have asked from our own shipyards for possibility to construct such a icebreaker, but I have only got headshaking!" On 24 May 1956, Wärtsilä and Sudoimport, the Soviet foreign trade organization with a monopoly for the foreign trade of ships, signed a shipbuilding contract for the construction of two polar icebreakers. While only half as powerful as the 44,000hp Lenin, the new icebreakers featured the most powerful diesel-electric power plant ever installed on a ship at the time. The Soviet negotiators had additional requirements for deep draught and fuel consumption, which Wahlforss promised Wärtsilä to reach. In practice, the demands put the company's engineering expertise to a tough test. At the end, however, Wärtsilä could deliver what Wahlforss had promised. Few years later, Wärtsilä received a follow-up order for three more icebreakers of the same design. The hull of the icebreaker was assembled on a slipway and launched on 10 January 1959. Prior to this, the harbor basin and the entrance channel had to be dredged. In addition, a special steel pontoon had to be constructed and welded to the stern of the icebreaker in order to reduce stresses and allow safe launching of the heavy ice-strengthened hull. In the launching ceremony, the new icebreaker was given the name Moskva after the capital city. The later icebreakers of the series were also named after the largest cities of the Soviet Union. The construction of the vessel continued in the outfitting quay and Moskva was delivered during the summer of 1960. Service history In October 1961, after assisting more than a hundred cargo ships in the Russian Arctic during the autumn navigating season, Moskva completed an eastbound transit of the Northern Sea Route from Murmansk to Vladivostok in only 10 days. This was both a record time as well as the latest time a successful transit had been completed before the winter, and demonstrated how the shipping season could be extended with modern icebreakers. Afterwards, Moskva was stationed in Vladivostok and used to escort in the eastern part of the Northern Sea Route. On 20 October 1965, Moskva and her sister ship Leningrad came to assist Vitimles, a merchant ship that had been waiting for icebreaker assistance for 30 days in the East Siberian Sea. However, by the time the icebreakers arrived, the pack ice had begun to drift at a considerable speed and a dangerous phenomenon known as "ice jet" appeared,Weintrit, A. and Neumann, T. (2013): Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. CRC Press. Page 462. immobilizing the icebreakers. The ice pressure caused severe damage to Vitimles and the ship, which had been built in Poland only a year before, sank with no loss of life on 24 October. During the same season, both icebreakers also damaged their propellers due to the severe ice conditions. In 1966, Moskva was awarded the Order of Lenin for her successful service on the Northern Sea Route.Lenin- palkinto Suomessa tehdylle jäänmurtajalle. Helsingin Sanomat, 9 August 2016. While new and more powerful icebreakers were built in the 1970s and 1980s, Moskva continued to escort merchant ships in the eastern part of the Northern Sea Route. However, already by the mid-1980s the icebreaker was described as being "definitely past its prime". Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the traffic volumes along the Northern Sea Route declined drastically in the early 1990s due to the slowdown of the Russian economy. As a result, it was decided to decommission the Moskva-class icebreakers. The oldest vessel of the series, Moskva, was sold for scrap in 1992. The name was later given to a 2008-built diesel-electric icebreaker, the first non-nuclear icebreaker delivered by a Russian shipyard in more than three decades. = Operation Beluga = Admiral Makarov (left) and Moskva in 1992, shortly before the latter was sold for scrap. Both vessels were involved in two separate whale rescue operations in the 1980s. In late December 1984, a Chukchi hunter spotted a herd of up to 3,000 beluga whales struggling for breathing room in small pools of open water in the ice-covered waters off the Chukchi Peninsula. Easterly winds had packed the narrow Senyavin Strait with drift ice up to thick, creating a wide ice pack that the whales could not cross on a single breath. While the locals tried to keep the animals alive by feeding them with frozen fish and keeping the breathing holes open, it soon became evident that the belugas would eventually perish unless they could be freed.Ice Breaker Suite. Our Fascinating Earth. Russians tell saga of whales rescued by an icebreaker. New York Times, 12 March 1985. In February 1985, Moskva was called from the Bering Sea in to break a channel through the ice pack and free the trapped herd. On 22 February, the icebreaker finally reached the belugas, but at first they refused to follow the ship to open water. However, when the crew began playing classical music through the ship's loudspeakers, the whales finally followed Moskva to the unfrozen sea. In the end, it was estimated that about 2,000 whales escaped while slightly more than 500 were taken by the local hunters.Russian Icebreaker Whale Rescue Delayed. Discovery, 20 December 2011. Using Moskva for the rescue operation, dubbed "Operation Beluga", cost the Soviet government about $80,000.Soviet Ship Cracks Wall of Ice to Free Trapped Whales. Los Angeles Times, 22 February 1985. Moscow saving the whales. UPI, 22 February 1985. In 1988, a similar rescue operation was attempted to free three gray whales from pack ice in the Beaufort Sea near Point Barrow, Alaska. As part of the $1 million effort, the United States Department of State requested help from the Soviet Union who sent two icebreakers, Admiral Makarov and Vladimir Arseniev, to break the ice trapping the whales. Technical details = General characteristics = Moskva was long overall and at the waterline. At the widest point of the hull, the vessel had a beam of , but due to the sloping sides the maximum beam at waterline was slightly less, . At design waterline, the icebreaker drew of water and had a displacement of 13,290 tonnes. However, the maximum draught of the vessel was , corresponding to a maximum displacement of 15,360 tonnes. Moskva was the largest non-nuclear icebreaker in the world at the time of the delivery, having almost twice the displacement of the largest western icebreakers. Designed to withstand the compression of the polar pack ice, the fully welded steel hull of Moskva was very strong. The wide ice belt, where the hull plating was over thick in the bow, was designed to withstand ice pressures of up to 1,000 tonnes per square meter (about ), more than 30 to 60 times as much as normal merchant ships at the time. In bow and stern, the web frames were aligned perpendicularly to the shell plating. Longitudinally, the hull was divided into nine watertight compartments and the vessel had a full-length double hull below tweendeck. Moskva had single and double cabins for 109 persons. In addition to vessel crew and aviation detachment, accommodation and laboratories were reserved for scientists when the icebreaker carried out research expeditions in the polar waters. Special attention had been paid to the furnishing and decoration of the public spaces, which included a game room and a music room with a piano for the officers. The icebreaker was delivered from the shipyard with a total of three television sets. Designed to escort merchant ships through ice-covered waters, Moskva had a towing winch and a notch in the stern where the bow of the towed ship would be pulled. For ice reconnaissance, the icebreaker had a helicopter hangar and a landing platform in the stern. The vessel had two motor lifeboats for 60 persons and two 70-person lifeboats with manually operated propeller. In addition, the icebreaker carried a motor launch with a steel hull, a aluminum boat, two fiberglass ice sledge-boats, a rowing boat and a light aluminum dinghy. The boats were launched using the icebreakers' two 10-ton deck cranes. = Power and propulsion = Moskva was a diesel-electric icebreaker with a power plant consisting of eight 9-cylinder Wärtsilä-Sulzer 9MH51 single-acting two-stroke diesel engines, each of which was rated at 3,250hp in continuous operation but capable of 10% overload for one hour at a time. The main engines were directly coupled to Siemens direct current (DC) generators that supplied electricity to propulsion motors through an applied Ward Leonard drive system. Normally, four generators were connected to the tandem electric motor driving the centerline propeller shaft and two generators to the propulsion motors driving the wing shafts, but the system allowed connecting two generators from the center circuit to either port or starboard circuit and vice versa in case of engine failure. The electric power produced by the main engines and generators was transformed into propeller thrust by three large DC motors coupled to the propeller shafts. The centerline propulsion motor, located in a separate compartment, was a tandem unit consisting of two 5,500hp motors while the port and starboard propulsion motors, located side by side in the same compartment, were rated at 5,500hp each. While the nominal speed of the propulsion motors was 115 rpm, full power was available at all revolution speeds between 110 and 150 rpm. The four-blade propellers were of fixed pitch type with the centerline propeller, which had twice the propulsion power of the wing shafts, having greater diameter than the port and starboard propellers. The icebreaker had a single centerline rudder. With an overall propulsion power of 22,000hp, Moskva was at the time the most powerful diesel-electric icebreaker in the world. She was second only to the nuclear-powered Lenin which, at 44,000hp, had twice the power of the Moskva-class icebreakers. While the most powerful western icebreaker at the time, the 1955-built USS Glacier, had two propulsion motors rated at 10,500hp each and was thus nearly as powerful as Moskva, the American icebreaker could maintain this power level only for a period of four hours at a time and the total continuous rating was only 16,900hp.The Icebreaker USS/USCGC Glacier. References Category:1959 ships Category:Icebreakers of the Soviet Union Category:Ships built in Helsinki Category:Merchant ships of the Soviet Union "
"This is a list of player transfers involving Pro12 teams before or during the 2016–17 season. Benetton Treviso =Players In = Andrea Buondonno from Mogliano * David Odiete from Mogliano * Ian McKinley from Viadana * Guglielmo Zanini from Rovigo Delta * Giorgio Bronzini from Rovigo Delta * Tito Tebaldi from Harlequins * Nicola Quaglio from Rovigo Delta * Michael Tagicakibau from Scarlets * Filippo Gerosa from Viadana * Tiziano Pasquali from Leicester Tigers * Tommaso Allan from USA Perpignan * Tommaso Benvenuti from Bristol Rugby * Federico Zani from Mogliano * Luca Sperandio from Mogliano =Players Out= Matteo Muccignat to Rovigo Delta * Ludovico Nitoglia retired * Enrico Bacchin to Petrarca Padova * Simone Ragusi to Petrarca Padova * Alberto Lucchese retired * Salesi Manu to Honda Heat * Andrea De Marchi to Rovigo Delta * Duncan Naude to Limoges * Sam Christie to Waikato * James Ambrosini to Amatori San Donà * Chris Smylie to North Harbour * Rupert Harden to Richmond * Tom Palmer to Bordeaux Begles Cardiff Blues =Players In= Nick Williams from Ulster * Matthew Morgan from Bristol Rugby * Rhys Gill from Saracens * Steven Shingler from Scarlets * Willis Halaholo from Hurricanes * Kirby Myhill from Scarlets * George Earle from Scarlets =Players Out= Rhys Patchell to Scarlets * Sam Hobbs to Newport Gwent Dragons * Craig Mitchell to Newport Gwent Dragons * Chris Dicomidis to Pontypridd * Tom Williams to Scarlets * Miles Normandale to Rotherham Titans * Harry Davies to Bath * Gavin Evans to Neath RFC * Manoa Vosawai to RC Vannes * Lou Reed to Sale Sharks * Richard Smith to Scarlets * Tom Isaacs to Hong Kong Football Club * Tom Davies to Newport Gwent Dragons * Joe Jones to USA Perpignan * Elias Wyn Benham to Cardiff RFC * Gareth Davies to Merthyr RFC * Tavis Knoyle to Newport Gwent Dragons * Salesi Ma'afu to Gloucester Rugby Connacht =Players In= Eoin Griffin from London Irish * Conor Carey from Nottingham * Marnitz Boshoff from Lions * Cian Kelleher from Leinster * Dominic Robertson-McCoy from Northland * Josh Rowland from Ireland Sevens * Lewis Stevenson from Exeter Chiefs * Stacey Ili from Auckland * James Cannon from Wasps * Ivan Soroka from Clontarf * Naulia Dawai from Otago * John Andress from Munster * Tom Farrell from Bedford Blues * Steve Crosbie from Munster * Peter McCabe from Munster (loan) =Players Out= Rodney Ah You to Ulster * Robbie Henshaw to Leinster * AJ MacGinty to Sale Sharks * Aly Muldowney to Grenoble * Api Pewhairangi to London Broncos * George Naoupu to Harlequins * Jason Harris-Wright to London Irish * Ian Porter to Banbridge * Fionn Carr to Naas * Conor Finn to Buccaneers * Dave McSharry retired * Nathan White retired Edinburgh =Players In= Duncan Weir from Glasgow Warriors * Rory Scholes from Ulster * Glenn Bryce from Glasgow Warriors * Junior Rasolea from Western Force * Kevin Bryce from Glasgow Warriors * Nick Beavon from Melrose RFC * Jason Tovey from Newport Gwent Dragons * Alex Northam from North Harbour Rays * Sasa Tofilau from Kirkcaldy RFC * Lewis Carmichael from Melrose RFC * Viliami Fihaki from Sale Sharks * Viliame Mata from Fiji Sevens =Players Out= Matt Scott to Gloucester Rugby * Mike Coman to London Irish * Sam Beard to Newport Gwent Dragons * Greig Tonks to London Irish * John Andress to Munster * Jack Cuthbert to Jersey Reds * Andries Strauss retired * Nick McLennan to Scotland Sevens * Grant Shiells to London Scottish * Alex Toolis to Melbourne Rebels * Jade Te Rure to Manawatu Glasgow Warriors =Players In= Jarrod Firth from Counties Manukau * Corey Flynn from Toulouse * Leonardo Sarto from Zebre * Rory Clegg from Oyonnax * Nemia Kenatale from Farul Constanța * Tjiuee Uanivi from Sharks * Djustice Sears-Duru from Ontario Blues * Hagen Schulte from Canterbury * Langilangi Haupeakui from Sacramento Express =Players Out= Duncan Weir to Edinburgh Rugby * Glenn Bryce to Edinburgh Rugby * Robbie Fergusson to London Scottish * Mike Blair retired * James Eddie retired * Kevin Bryce to Edinburgh Rugby * Leone Nakarawa to Racing 92 * Jason Hill to Bedford Blues * Taqele Naiyaravoro to NSW Waratahs * Michael Cusack to Yorkshire Carnegie * Gregor Hunter to Gala RFC * Fergus Scott to Currie RFC * Will Bordill to Ayr RFC * Tyrone Holmes to Newcastle Falcons * Javan Sebastian to Carmarthen Quins * Shalva Mamukashvili to Montpellier * Jerry Yanuyanutawa released Leinster =Players In= Robbie Henshaw from Connacht * Ian Nagle from London Irish * Jamison Gibson-Park from Hurricanes =Players Out= Ben Te'o to Worcester Warriors * Ian Madigan to Bordeaux Begles * Marty Moore to Wasps * Darragh Fanning retired * Cian Kelleher to Connacht * Tom Farrell to Bedford Blues * Tom Denton to Gloucester Rugby * Isaac Boss to Waikato * Tadhg Beirne to Scarlets * Eoin Reddan retired * Luke Fitzgerald retired * Aaron Dundon retired * Mick McGrath to Ireland Sevens * Royce Burke-Flynn released * Kevin McLaughlin retired * Collie O'Shea to Munster * Steve Crosbie to Wanganui * Tony Ryan released * Niall Morris retired Munster =Players In= Sammy Arnold from Ulster * John Andress from Edinburgh Rugby * Darren O'Shea from Worcester Warriors * Jean Kleyn from Stormers * Jaco Taute from Stormers / * Collie O'Shea from Leinster * Steve Crosbie from Wanganui * Rhys Marshall from Chiefs * Thomas du Toit from Sharks * Jean Deysel from Sharks =Players Out= Jordan Coghlan to Nottingham * Gearoid Lyons to Nottingham * Shane Buckley to Nottingham * Jack Cullen to London Scottish * BJ Botha to Lyon * Johnny Holland retired * Denis Hurley to Dolphin RFC * Gerhard van den Heever to Yamaha Jubilo * John Andress to Connacht * Steve Crosbie to Connacht * Peter McCabe to Connacht (loan) Newport Gwent Dragons =Players In= Sam Hobbs from Cardiff Blues * Sam Beard from Edinburgh Rugby * Nick Macleod from Sale Sharks * Craig Mitchell from Cardiff Blues * Patrick Howard from Northampton Saints * Darran Harris from Rotherham Titans * Tom Davies from Cardiff Blues * Ashley Sweet from Ebbw Vale * Tavis Knoyle from Cardiff Blues =Players Out= Taulupe Faletau to Bath Rugby * Matthew Pewtner retired * Hugh Gustafson to Ospreys * Jason Tovey to Edinburgh Rugby * Andrew Coombs retired * Aled Brew to Bath Rugby Ospreys =Players In= Rhodri Jones from Scarlets * Hugh Gustafson from Newport Gwent Dragons * Kieron Fonotia from Crusaders * Bradley Davies from Wasps =Players Out= Aaron Jarvis to Clermont Auvergne * Kristian Phillips to London Welsh * Marc Thomas to Jersey Reds * Ifereimi Boladau to London Scottish * Rynier Bernardo to Scarlets * Ryan Bevington to Bristol Rugby * Matthew Dwyer to Merthyr RFC * Jordan Collier to Neath RFC * Richard Fussell retired * Rhodri Hughes to Swansea RFC * JJ Engelbrecht released * Lloyd Evans released * Aled Jenkins released * Gareth Delve released Scarlets =Players In= Jonathan Davies from Clermont Auvergne * Rhys Patchell from Cardiff Blues * Werner Kruger from Bulls * Jonathan Evans from Bath Rugby * Johnny McNicholl from Crusaders * Tom Williams from Cardiff Blues * Rynier Bernardo from Ospreys * Tadhg Beirne from Leinster * Richard Smith from Cardiff Blues * Nicky Thomas from Gloucester Rugby =Players Out= Rhodri Williams to Bristol Rugby * Rhodri Jones to Ospreys * Steven Shingler to Cardiff Blues * Maselino Paulino to Lyon * George Earle to Cardiff Blues * Kirby Myhill to Cardiff Blues * Jordan Williams to Bristol Rugby * Harry Robinson retired * Kieran Hardy to Jersey Reds * Regan King to Jersey Reds * Michael Tagicakibau to Benetton Treviso * Josh Lewis to Ebbw Vale * Ben Leung to Cardiff RFC * Connor Lloyd to Carmarthen Quins * Jack Jones to Llanelli RFC * Torin Myhill to Carmarthen Quins * Michael Collins to Otago * Jack Payne to Llanelli RFC * Phil John released Ulster =Players In= Charles Piutau from Wasps * Rodney Ah You from Connacht * Kieran Treadwell from Harlequins * Marcell Coetzee from Sharks * Brett Herron from Bath Rugby * Angus Lloyd from Trinity College Dublin * Anton Peikrishvili from CA Brive =Players Out= Nick Williams to Cardiff Blues * Sammy Arnold to Munster * Rory Scholes to Edinburgh Rugby * Ian Humphreys retired * Dan Tuohy to Bristol Rugby * Willie Faloon released * Paul Jackson released * Ruaidhri Murphy released * Bronson Ross released * Paul Rowley released * Frank Taggart released * Sam Windsor released Zebre =Players In= Gabriele Di Giulio from Calvisano * Mattia Bellini from Petrarca Padova * Tommaso Castello from Calvisano * Maxime Mbanda from Calvisano * Kurt Baker from New Zealand Sevens * Joshua Furno from Newcastle Falcons * Carlo Festuccia from Wasps * Giovanbattista Venditti from Newcastle Falcons * Lloyd Greeff from Golden Lions * Derick Minnie from Golden Lions * Bart le Roux from Leopards * Carlo Engelbrecht from Blue Bulls * Serafin Bordoli from Olivos Rugby Clubhttp://www.zebrerugby.eu/dallargentina-la-nuova-apertura-delle-zebre-e-il- ventenne-serafin-bordoli/ * Faialaga Afamasaga from Northland =Players Out= Leonardo Sarto to Glasgow Warriors * Mirco Bergamasco to Sacramento Express * Filippo Ferrarini to Ohio Aviators * Mils Muliaina to San Diego Breakers * Marco Bortolami retired * Emiliano Caffini to Fiamme Oro * Filippo Cristiano to Fiamme Oro * Kelly Haimona to Bay of Plenty * Giulio Toniolatti to Lazio * Jean Cook to Kintetsu Liners * Michele Visentin to Mogliano * Paul Derbyshire to Amatori San Donà * Emiliano Coria to Nevers * Gonzalo Garcia to Cahors * Ulrich Beyers to Blue Bulls * Luke Burgess retired * Bruno Mercanti to Valladolid RAC See alsoList of 2016–17 Premiership Rugby transfers *List of 2016–17 RFU Championship transfers *List of 2016–17 Super Rugby transfers *List of 2016–17 Top 14 transfers References Category:2016–17 Pro12 2016–17 "
"George Edmond Bates (11 August 1933 – 30 March 1999) was bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Utah from 1986 to 1996. Biography He was born in Binghamton, New York on August 11, 1933. He received his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College and his master of divinity degree from the Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was ordained to the deaconate in June 1958 and to the priesthood in 1959. In 1986 he was elected as the ninth bishop of Utah and was consecrated on October 25. He retired his post in June 1996. Bates died on March 30, 1999 in Medford, Oregon. External links Bishop George Bates dies in Oregon Category:1933 births Category:1999 deaths Category:Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America Category:People from Binghamton, New York "