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"thumb thumb thumb Laura Houghtaling Ingalls (December 14, 1893 – January 10, 1967) was an American pilot who won the Harmon Trophy. She was arrested in December 1941 and convicted of failing to register as a paid German agent. Early life Ingalls was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 14, 1893 to Francis Abbott Ingalls I and Martha Houghtaling (April 7, 1865–ca. June 20, 1930).Martha Houghton Ingalls Find A Grave IndexMartha Houghton Ingalls, Kingston Daily Freeman (30 June 1930) Martha was the daughter of David Harrison Houghtaling of Kingston, New York, who was a descendant of Jan Willemsen Hoogteling, who arrived in New Amsterdam on May 9, 1661. Laura wrote of her mother: "My mother, partly through ill health, was extremely emotional and without adequate self-discipline; spoiled by her parents who thought she was wonderful and could do anything. Brilliant along certain lines, she possessed the trait I find most exciting in the American character, viz. the ability to hurdle difficulties and achieve the reputedly impossible. I grew up under such influence." =Sibling= Her brother was Francis Abbott Ingalls II (1895–1978) who was also born in Brooklyn. Francis registered for the draft while attending military school in Tuxedo Park, New York as a private in the infantry. He was an officer in both World War I and World War II. Francis married Mabel Morgan Satterlee (1901–1993) on September 19, 1926. Mabel was the daughter of Herbert Livingston Satterlee and Louisa Pierpont Morgan, the daughter of J. P. Morgan. Personal life Laura Houghtaling Ingalls was a distant cousin of Little House on the Prairie's Laura Ingalls Wilder, and became a friend of her daughter Rose Wilder Lane.The Selected Letters of Laura Ingalls Wilder, Harper Collins, 2016, pp. 195, 222 Aviation Her best-known flights were made in 1934 and earned her a Harmon Trophy. Ingalls flew in a Lockheed Air Express Same article under Timeline, also "L-100 TriStar, The Lockheed Story, Ingells, Douglas, Aero Pub, p. 30 from Mexico to Chile, over the Andes Mountains to Rio de Janeiro, to Cuba and then to Floyd Bennett Field in New York, marking the first flight over the Andes by an American woman, the first solo flight around South America in a landplane, the first flight by a woman from North America to South America, and setting a woman's distance record of 17,000 miles. =Aviation records= *Longest solo flight by a woman (17,000 miles) *First solo flight by a woman from North to South America *First solo flight around South America by man or woman *First complete flight by a land plane around South America by a man or woman *First American woman to fly the Andes solo =Timeline= *1893 – born December 14 in Brooklyn, New York *1928 – first solo flight, at Roosevelt Field, Mineola, Long Island (December 23) *1929 – enrolled in Universal Flying School at Lambert–St. Louis Field in June *1929 – obtained Limited Commercial license from Department of Commerce in September *1930 – obtained Transport license from Department of Commerce (April 12) *1930 – the only female in graduating class of Universal Flying School Transport course (score of 98/100) *1930 – established women's loop record in a D.H. Gipsy Moth over Lambert–St. Louis Field – 344 loops; previous record was 47 loops (May 4) *1930 – broke previous loop record at Muskogee, Oklahoma – 980 loops in 3:40 hr, in her D.H. Gipsy Moth (May 26) *1930 – established world barrel-roll record for men and women of 714 rolls over Lambert–St. Louis Field in her D.H. Gipsy Moth (August 13) *1930 – won third place Women's Dixie Derby from Washington, D.C. to Chicago, Illinois winning $800 in August and September *1930 – established first women's transcontinental round trip record between Roosevelt Field and Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, California. Time 30:25 to California; 25:20 on return flight to Roosevelt Field. Airplane: D.H. Gipsy Moth (October) *1934 – received 3rd Class Radio Telephone license with authority to use code (call letters KHTJQ) (January) *1934 – departed North Beach Airport, Jackson Heights, New York in Lockheed Air Express for flight to South America (February 28) *1934 – departed Miami for Havana, Cuba. Crossed the Caribbean Sea to Mérida, Yucatán; through Central America to France Field, Cristóbal, Panama (March 8) *1934 – departed France Field, Cristobal, Canal Zone (March 13), for nonstop flight to Talara, Peru, a distance of 1296 miles – 460 miles over water. Continued down the West coast of South America to Santiago, Chile *1934 – crossed the Andes at an altitude of 18,000 feet through the Uspallata Pass between Santiago, Chile and Mendoza, Argentina (March 21) *1934 – arrived in Trinidad and Tobago (April 17) *1934 – arrived in Miami, Florida (April 22) *1934 – arrived Floyd Bennett Field, New York completing 17,000 mile flight (April 25) Activities as a German agent In late September 1939, Ingalls flew over Washington, D.C. in her Lockheed Orion monoplane, dropping anti- intervention pamphlets. She was arrested for violating White House airspace, but was released within hours. Following the defeat of France in 1940, she approached Baron (Freiherr) Ulrich von Gienanth, the head of the Gestapo in the US, and, officially, second secretary of the German Embassy. She suggested that she make a solo flight to Europe, where she would continue her campaign to promote the Nazi cause. Von Gienanth told her to stay in America to work with the America First Committee. Ingalls gave speeches for the Committee in which she derided America's "lousy democracy" and gave Nazi salutes. Von Gienanth praised her oratorical skills. She had made a careful study of Mein Kampf, on which she based many of her speeches, as well as pamphlets by Hitler such as My New Order and Germany and the Jewish Question, and Elizabeth Dilling's books The Roosevelt Red Record and The Octopus. She expected Hitler to win the war; in April 1941, she wrote to a German official, "Some day I will shout my triumph to a great leader and a great people... Heil Hitler!" After the German declaration of war on December 11, 1941, she went straight to Washington to receive a list of contacts from von Gienanth, and was arrested a week later. Ingalls was charged with failing to register with the government as a paid Nazi agent, in violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938. She had been receiving approximately $300 a month from von Gienanth. During the trial it came out that von Gienanth had encouraged Ingalls's participation in the America First Committee, a significant embarrassment for that organization. The FBI testified that they had kept her under surveillance for several months. Ingalls was convicted, and sentenced to eight months to two years in prison on February 20, 1942.CONVICTED: Laura Ingalls (NY Times, p. 2E, 15 February 1942) She was transferred from the District of Columbia jail to the U.S. federal women's prison in Alderson, West Virginia, on July 14, 1943, after fighting with another inmate. She was released on October 5, 1943 after serving 20 months. Prison had not altered her views, however. A few months after her release, she stated her opinion of the Normandy landings: After her probation ended, in July 1944 Ingalls was arrested at the Mexican border. Her suitcase contained seditious materials, including notes she had made of Japanese and German short-wave radio broadcasts. She was prevented from entering Mexico, but was not prosecuted. Ingalls applied for a presidential pardon in 1950, but her application for clemency was rejected by two successive Pardon Attorneys. On the latter occasion, the reply stated that Ingalls had been of "special value of the Nazi propaganda machine". She died on January 10, 1967, in Burbank, California, aged 73. References Further reading *New York Times; May 4, 1930 "Laura Ingalls Makes 344 Loops in a Row; New York Flier Sets Record at St. Louis. St. Louis, May 3, 1930 (AP) Miss Laura Ingalls, 25 years old, of New York City, established a new women's record for consecutive loops in an airplane, executing 344 loops ... " *New York Times; August 14, 1930 "Laura Ingalls Rolls Plane 714 Times" *New York Times; October 6, 1930 "Laura Ingalls Flying To Coast For Record; Aviatrix Seeking Women's Continental Mark Reaches St. Louis After Take-Off Here" *New York Times; October 16, 1942 "No Laura Ingalls Parole. Board Rejects Plea In Case Of German Agent" External links *Hargrave: Laura Ingalls * 1893 births 1967 deaths Female aviators Aviators from New York (state) Harmon Trophy winners Lockheed Corporation People from Brooklyn People from Greater Los Angeles Old Right (United States) Aerobatic record holders American aviation record holders American female aviation record holders Nazi propagandists Non- interventionism "
"M49 or M-49 may be: * Messier 49, an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo * The 49th known Mersenne prime * M49 motorway, a motorway in Great Britain * M49 telescope, a telescope used by the United States military * M-49 (Michigan highway), a Michigan state highway * UN M49, the United Nations' "Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use" * M/49, or the Neuhausen pistol, the Danish name for the SIG Sauer P210 "
"Right: Statue of Wilhelm Sollmann at the city hall tower of Cologne, Germany Friedrich Wilhelm Sollmann, later William Frederick Sollmann (1 April 1881 – 6 January 1951) was a German journalist, politician, and interior minister of the Weimar Republic. In 1919, he was on the staff of the German delegation that was to receive the Treaty of Versailles. In 1933, he emigrated and eventually moved to the United States where he became an advocate for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Life =Early life in the German Empire= Wilhelm Sollmann was born on 2 April 1881 in , Saxe-Meiningen (today a part of Sonneberg, Thuringia). His father was Johan Jakob Sollmann, a brewer and farmer in Oberlind and after 1889 tenant of the Ratskeller at Coburg. His mother was Christiane Sollmann, inn keeper. After the move to Coburg, Wilhelm attended the Casimirianum gymnasium from 1891 to 1897, when he had to leave due to the family's financial difficulties. That year, his family moved to Cologne. There, he began work as an apprentice (kaufmännische Lehre). From 1901-11 he worked as a Handlungsgehilfe whilst attending night school at the Handelshochschule Köln. Originally rooted in Lutheran Christianity, he was a member of the Internationaler Guttempler-Orden and the CVJM. However, in 1902 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and in 1907 co-founded the Workers' Youth at Cologne. He was also active in the temperance movement and was chairman of the Arbeiter-Abstinenzbewegung (workers' temperance movement, 1906–10). He was also a member of the Angestelltengwerkschaft (white-collar workers' union). In 1906, Sollmann married Anna Katharina (Käthe, Kate) née Grümmer (born 1883, died before 1975). They had one daughter, Elfriede (1912–97). In 1908, Sollmann became a Freidenker. In 1911, Sollmann became editor of the socialdemocratic newspaper Fränkischer Volksfreund at Würzburg, but soon returned to Cologne where he became editor (1912) and later editor-in-chief (1920–33) of the Rheinische Zeitung. During World War I, Sollmann was the chairman of the socialdemocratic union (Verein) of Cologne. =German Revolution and Weimar Republic= During the German Revolution of 1918 he played a key role in the formed Workers' and soldiers' council of Cologne. From 1918-24, Sollmann was a member of the Cologne municipal parliament (Stadtverordneter). In 1919, he was elected to the Weimar National Assembly and held his seat until the new elections to the Reichstag in 1920. Working closely with Konrad Adenauer, whom he later described as "a personal friend and political enemy", Sollmann helped turn the Handelshochschule into the University of Cologne in 1919. He rejected an honorific doctorate in 1919 (and again in 1928) for personal reasons. In 1919, Sollmann also was a staff member of the German delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, where he served as an expert on problems of the Rheinland occupation. He was a member of the Reichstag from 1920 until 1933. In 1921, he initiated the establishment of the Sozialdemokratischer Parlamentsdienst (after 1924: Sozialdemokratischer Pressedienst), a political news service. From 13 August 1923 until his resignation on 3 November, he served as Reichsminister des Innern (Reich Minister of the Interior) in the cabinets of Gustav Stresemann. In parliament, he served as a member of the Committee for Foreign Affairs, and as an expert on disarmament and adult education. =Germany 1933 and emigration= In 1933, he was elected to the executive board of the SPD and as such persecuted by the Nazis after the Machtergreifung. On 9 March, he was taken into Schutzhaft ("protective custody") and tortured. After being released, he fled in May via Luxembourg to the occupied Saar. There he briefly worked as the editor-in-chief of the socialdemocratic Volskstimme. After the referendum he returned to Luxembourg, in 1936 went on to the United Kingdom and in 1937 emigrated to the United States. =In America= In the U.S., Sollmann worked as a writer, speaker, radio announcer and faculty member (1937–1950) of the Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation, a Quaker study center located in Wallingford, Pennsylvania. In the next years, Sollmann travelled through most of the United States, giving lectures on world affairs. He became a visiting professor of international affairs at Haverford, Bard, and Reed Colleges. Having lost his German citizenship in 1936, in 1943 he was naturalized and changed his name to William Frederick Sollmann. That year, he also became a Quaker. A member of the SPD's right wing, in exile he was one of the leading proponents of the volkssozialistische Richtung within the party. At the request of the American Friends Service Committee, a Quaker organization, Sollmann briefly visited occupied Germany in 1948, where he held speeches and radio addresses. On another visit the following year he served as visiting professor at the University of Cologne. In 1949/50, the U.S. government consulted him on setting up a new German Civil Liberties Union (Bund für Bürgerrechte) and he worked for the Allied High Commission, but he had to return to the United States due to the onset of illness. During his visits, he met with politicians like Adenauer and Kurt Schumacher and also was Adenauer's guest of honour at the inaugural meeting of the Deutscher Bundestag. Sollmann was co-founder of the Carl Schurz-Gesellschaft, member of the Verbands deutscher Journalisten im Ausland and of the Legion for American Unity. On 6 January 1951, Sollmann died in Mount Carmel, Connecticut. A street in Cologne is named after him. Works * Zum Ausbau unserer sozialistischen Jugendbewegung, in: Die neue Zeit, Wochenschrift der deutschen Sozialdemokratie, 1911 * Der Kölner Polizeiprozeß vom 7. – 17. 1. 1914, 1914 * Ernährungsbeirat von Frauen, in: Die Gleichheit 26, 1916 * Die Revolution in Köln, 1918 * Sozialismus der Tat, 1925 * Untergang Amerikas, in: Studierstube 23, 1927 * Antwort an Josef Wirth, Wahlrecht und Parteien, in: Deutsche Republik 3, 1929 * Presse und Kommunalverwaltung, in: Vorträge und Abhandlungen internationaler Institute (Köln), R. 11, 1930 * Jugend und Partei, in: Neue Blätter für den Sozialismus 2, 1931 * Alkohol und öffentliche Meinung, in: Alkoholismus, Gesundheitspolitik, Gesundheitswirtschaft, 1931 * Schankstätten und Sozialhygiene, in: Zeitschrift für Gesundheitsverwaltung und Gesundheitsfürsorge 1, 1932 * Der politische Antisemitismus, in: Gegen die Phrase vom jüdischen Schädling, 1933 * Sozialistische Machtpolitik, in: Zeitschrift für Sozialismus 2, 1935, pp. 758–65 * Religion and Politics, 1941 * German Labour, Hitler's Nemesis, in: Peace Aim Leaflets 1, 1943 * Educational Reconstruction in Germany, in: Schoolmen's Week Proceedings, 1944 * Zwischen Krieg und Frieden, 1948 References External links * Wilhelm Sollmann papers at the Swarthmore College Peace Collection 1881 births 1951 deaths People from Sonneberg People from Saxe-Meiningen Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Interior ministers of Germany Members of the Weimar National Assembly Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic Bard College faculty "