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"Sadek Hadjerès (born 1928 in Larbaâ Nath Irathen, Algeria) is an Algerian communist. Biography He went to primary school in Berrouaghia and Larba, and secondary school in Medea, Blida and Ben Aknoun. During this time he became a medium level leader of the Algerian Muslim Scouts (Scouts Musulmans Algériens) in the Mitidja from 1943 to 1946 and then a militant of the Algerian People's Party (PPA) in 1944. From 1946 to 1953 he was a medicine student at the University of Algiers. In 1948 he became the leader of the university section of the Party of the Algerian People, a nationalist party which was arguing for independence from France. In 1949 he was one of the co- authors of the party's platform document 'L'Algerie libre vivra' (Free Algeria will live). After the so-called Berber crisis of 1949 within the PPA party, Hadjerès left having been involved in the crisis. He himself refused the term 'Berber' for this crisis on several occasions including in 2007 in an interview for the Soir d'Algérie daily newspaper. After being a member for several years since his youth of the AEMAN he became in 1950 the president of the AEMAN (Association des étudiants musulmans de l'Afrique du Nord), which was the first political organisation created in North Africa. The AEMAN was created in Algiers in 1912 by Emir Khaled, the grandson of Emir Abdelkader. In 1951 Sadek Hadjerès joined the Algerian Communist Party (Parti Communiste Algérien). He became a member of the Party Council (Conseil Consultatif) in 1952. In 1953 and 1954 he was the director of the magazine 'Progrès' (Progress) and became the General Advisor of the Party for the El Harrach and Mitidja East regions. That year, the Algerian War had begun on 1 November. In 1955 he became a member of the Political Bureau of the Algerian Communist Party and in December his support for the independence struggle was forced underground. He condemned in absentia to hard labour by a French court, and became national co-director of the armed organisation 'Combattants of the Liberation', which was the Algerian Communist Party's armed wing and was cooperating with the much larger nationalist guerilla force: the National Liberation Front, but without being a part of it. With his fellow communist friend Bachir Hadj Ali he negotiated in April, June, and July 1956 with the representatives of the National Liberation Front (Benyoucef Ben Khedda and Abane Ramdane) regarding the integration of the Communist troops into the FLN forces. He continued to fight within the PCA (Algerian communist party) throughout the war, until independence. After independence in July 1962, he became a member of the Secretariat of the Algerian Communist Party. In October 1962, the new president Ahmed Ben Bella banned the Communist Party which went underground. Sadek Hadjeres then became the coordinator of the Communist Party. During the Socialist Charter of Algiers of 1964 he attempted to advance the ideas of the party. From 1963 to 1965 he was a medical practitioner and medical sciences researcher. After the coup of Boumediène which ousted Ben Bella from power in 1965, he continued to operate clandestinely for the next 24 years. He was a member of the ORP (Organisation of Popular Resistance) during some of that time in the beginning, and a founding of member in 1966 of the PAGS party (Parti de l'Avant Garde Socialiste) which was a new facade for the Communist Party. The Organisation of Popular Resistance had been created by Mohamed Harbi and Hocine Zahouane, two left wing leaders of the FLN to oppose Boumedienne's coup. Hadjeres joined the ORP while other communist leaders such as Henri Alleg and Larbi Bouhali went into exile. With the leaders exiled, the ORP was weakened and the PAGS party was created the following year. In the early 70's, Boumediène undertook several leftist projects such as the Agrarian Revolution, the nationalisation of lands and factories, and other such socialist projects. President Boumediène also made Algeria closer to the Eastern bloc of the USSR and all these steps pleased indirectly Sadek Hadjeres' PAGS party which found a favourable political terrain to advance its ideas, while still remaining an opposition closely watched by the government and excluded from all official activities and subject to repression like all other opposition parties. In 1976 during the debate on the national Charter, Hadjeres led the underground PAGS briefly out of clandestinity by expressing loudly its views via student organisations such as the UNJA. This was the zenith of the communist party's political activities and influence on state affairs in Algeria according to many political commentators. With arrival of the new president Benjedid Chadli in 1979 however, and the progressive introduction of right wing policies, slow liberalisation and the introduction of the article 120 which allowed only the one party (FLN) to operate legally, Sadek Hadjeres and his PAGS party began to clash more and more with the government and the FLN. The FLN in turn looked for new support within the Islamist currents of Algerian politics. The fact the FLN supported the freedom fighters in Afghanistan combating the USSR only served to sour relations further with Sadek Hadjeres and his PAGS party. The PAGS became more and more clandestine and in 1986 voted its own expatriation due to internal disputes. Hadjeres would then assist to Eastern European Communist Party congresses and conferences, sometimes with the FLN delegation sitting only two rows away, putting the FLN in an uncomfortable position with its socialist partners from the Eastern bloc. Hadjeres entered back completely into the legal framework in 1989 with the beginning of the multi-party system in Algeria. His re-entry on the Algerian political scene occurred however at a time when the Berlin Wall was falling and his communist convictions were several shaken by the birth of a new era. His communist PAGS party was in this context severely defeated at the 1990 and 1991 elections by the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) and Hadjeres decided to pull out of politics in 1991. That same year Islamists began violent confrontations with the communists as their doctrines were totally opposed (Islamists were and remained convinced that Hadjeres and his communists are atheist and must be killed). The following year in 1992 several communist were assassinated by Algerian Islamists and this continued until 1994. When the government and the army cancelled the elections in 1992, they asked for Hadjeres' vocal support but he refused to give it, even he was condemned to death by several Islamist para- military and then terrorist organisations (MIA, FIDA, GIA etc...). The PAGS party ceased all activity in 1992 and Hadjeres himself left Algeria and settled in France where he undertook works as associate lecturer and researcher in geopolitics with the CRAG center of Paris 8 University (Centre de recherches et d’analyses géopolitiques à l'Université de Paris VIII). He published several articles in the journal Hérodote and gave talks at colloquiums and study conferences, as well as publishing articles in the Algerian and international press, and prepared books on the evolution of the national and social Algerian movements, starting with the PPA crisis of 1949. In 2007, the PAGS returned to the political scene under the name MDS (Democratic and Social Movement). It won one seat in the Algerian Parliament in the 17 May Algerian legislative elections. Sadek Hadjeres continues to be a very influential figure for Algerian communists and members of the MDS although he does not take part officially in any more political activities at the age of 79. References External links Source: Le Soir d'Algérie, Sadek Hadjeres (Detailed biography and political interview with Sadek Hadjeres in French). Edition of June 2, 2007. Sadek Hadres par lui même Category:1928 births Category:Algerian dissidents Category:Living people Category:People from Larbaâ Nath Irathen Category:Kabyle people Category:Algerian People's Party politicians Category:Algerian Communist Party politicians Category:Democratic and Social Movement (Algeria) politicians Category:University of Algiers alumni Category:Algerian emigrants to France Category:University of Paris faculty Category:People of the Algerian War Category:Communist writers "
"The Hamilton Avenue Murders is the colloquial name for the mass murder of seven people in a house at 560 North Hamilton Avenue in Indianapolis, Indiana, on June 1, 2006. Incident According to the television program America's Most Wanted, the Indianapolis Police Department responded to a 911 call just after 10:00 p.m. They found seven dead victims, three of whom were children. The victims were shot with a military-style weapon, police charged. Evidence technicians recovered 23 discharged 7.62x39mm cartridge casings from the scene. These cartridges accommodate high velocity caliber bullets used in AK-47 and SKS-type rifles.http://www.in.gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/09281101rdr.pdf Witnesses said two suspects were seen entering the house shortly before the murders were believed to have taken place. Flora Albarran arrived with a friend to pick up her son around 10:00 p.m. Albarran's brother, Magno, also arrived about the same time. Both noticed that the house lights were out, which they knew was odd. When Flora Albarran entered, witnesses said she screamed to her friend not to come in. The suspects were seen leaving through the front door moments later.America's Most Wanted, "Seven Family Members Slain; Manhunt Underway", June 2, 2006 Victims The victims were identified as:IndyStar.com, "The Seven Victims" * Emma Valdez, 46 * Alberto Covarrubias, 56, Valdez's boyfriend * Flora Albarran, 22, Valdez's daughter * Magno Albarran, 29, Valdez's son, Flora Albarran's brother * Luis Albarran, 5, Flora Albarran's son * David Covarrubias, 8, Valdez's son * Alberto Covarrubias, 11, Valdez's son Perpetrators Police identified the suspects as James Stewart and Desmond Turner. Stewart was arrested without incident the following day. Turner, who had finished a four-year stint in prison only six months before, was the subject of a widespread manhunt by local, state and federal authorities. He was captured on June 3, two days after the murders, when he turned himself in without incident at a Hardee's restaurant on Indianapolis's east side. Prosecutors charged Turner and Stewart with seven counts of murder, seven counts of felony murder, seven counts of criminal confinement, robbery, burglary, carrying a handgun without a license (Stewart) and unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon (Stewart).http://www.in.gov/judiciary/opinions/pdf/09281101rdr.pdf Prosecutors originally sought the death penalty against Turner, but eventually dropped that request and sought a sentence of life without parole in exchange for Turner agreeing to waive his right to a trial by jury and instead be tried before a judge only.Indianapolis Star, "Prosecutors Wrap Up Case in Hamilton Avenue Slayings", October 22, 2009 Both suspects maintained their innocence, but Stewart's girlfriend claimed that he admitted his role in the shootings.Indianapolis Star, "Hamilton Ave. Victims Honored", June 1, 2007 Turner was convicted of seven counts of felony murder, seven counts of criminal confinement, burglary and robbery and sentenced on November 20, 2009 to life imprisonment without parole plus 88 years.IndyStar.com: Justice Watch, "Life Plus 88 Years in Prison for Turner", November 20, 2009 On September 28, 2011, the Indiana Supreme Court unanimously affirmed Turner's convictions and sentence in full.Turner v. State, No. 49S00-0912-CR-565 (Ind. 2011). Stewart was convicted of seven counts of felony murder, six counts of criminal confinement, robbery, burglary, carrying a handgun without a license and being a habitual offender; he was sentenced on January 6, 2010 to 425 years in prison.Indianapolis Star, "Hamilton Ave. Killer Gets 425 Years", January 6, 2010 On April 18, 2011, the Indiana Court of Appeals affirmed all of Stewart's convictions and sentences except for the robbery conviction and resulting four-year sentence, which it vacated because that conviction violated the constitutional protections against double jeopardy.Stewart v. State, No. 49A04-1001-CR-48 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. The opinion left Stewart with a 425-year aggregate sentence. The Indiana Supreme Court denied review of the Stewart appeal on September 28, 2011, the same day it rejected Turner's appeal. Aftermath The house was set on fire in an arson attack on August 23, 2008. It was demolished on July 16, 2010. References Category:Mass murder in 2006 Category:Crime in Indianapolis Category:2006 mass shootings in the United States Category:Deaths by firearm in Indiana Category:Murder in Indiana Category:2006 murders in the United States Category:2006 in Indiana Category:Crimes in Indiana Category:21st century in Indianapolis Category:Mass shootings in Indiana Category:Murdered American children Category:Attacks in the United States in 2006 Category:June 2006 events in the United States Category:Mass shootings in the United States "
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