❤️ Northern Sea Route 🦅

"Map of the Arctic region showing the Northern Sea Route, in the context of the Northeast Passage, and Northwest Passage The Northern Sea Route (, Severnyy morskoy put, shortened to Севморпуть, Sevmorput) is a shipping route officially defined by Russian legislation as lying east of Novaya Zemlya and specifically running along the Russian Arctic coast from the Kara Sea, along Siberia, to the Bering Strait. The entire route lies in Arctic waters and within Russia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Parts are free of ice for only two months per year. The overall route on Russia's side of the Arctic between North Cape and the Bering Strait has been called the Northeast Passage, analogous to the Northwest Passage on the Canada side. While the Northeast Passage includes all the East Arctic seas and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Northern Sea Route does not include the Barents Sea, and it therefore does not reach the Atlantic. Melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic in and the commercial viability of the Northern Sea Route. One study, for instance, projects "remarkable shifts in trade flows between Asia and Europe, diversion of trade within Europe, heavy shipping traffic in the Arctic and a substantial drop in Suez traffic. Projected shifts in trade also imply substantial pressure on an already threatened Arctic ecosystem." History The route was first conquered by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's expedition. The Northern Sea Route is one of several Arctic shipping routes. Since the mid-1930s the Northern Sea Route has been an officially managed and administered shipping route along the northern/Arctic coast of Russia. The administrative entity was sequentially updated, upgraded, and renamed. Its current incarnation was the Federal State Budgetary Institution's establishment of The Northern Sea Route Administration in 2013. In August 2017, the first ship traversed the Northern Sea Route without the use of icebreakers. According to the New York Times, this forebodes more shipping through the Arctic, as the sea ice melts and makes shipping easier. In 2018 Maersk Line sent the new "ice-class" container ship Venta Maersk through the route to gather data on operational feasibility, though they did not currently see it as commercially attractive. Escort assistance was required for three days from the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker . The Dutch Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis projected in 2015 that the Northern Sea Route may be ice-free by 2030, earlier than the Northwest Passage or Transpolar Sea Route. A 2016 report by the Copenhagen Business School found that large-scale trans- Arctic shipping may become economically viable by 2040. In 2018 the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to Rosatom which through its ROSATOMFLOT subsidiary manages the Russian nuclear powered icebreaker fleet based in Murmansk. See also * Arctic Bridge * Arctic cooperation and politics * Arctic policy of Russia * List of Russian explorers * Territorial claims in the Arctic Further reading *Zeng et al. 2020. "The competitiveness of Arctic shipping over Suez Canal and China- Europe railway." Transport Policy. *Wang et al. 2020. "Development situation and future demand for the ports along the Northern Sea Route." Research in Transportation Business & Management *Ding et al. 2020. "Does a carbon tax affect the feasibility of Arctic shipping?" Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment ReferencesExternal links * Northern Sea Route Administration (Russian Federation) * Northern Sea Route Information Office (Nord University) * International Northern Sea Route Programme * Russian State Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic, The discovery and history of exploration of the Northern Sea Route * Pictures - during NE passage *Tanker Vladimir Tikhonov Completes Successful Northern Sea Route Transit in a Week * Armstrong, Terence. The Northern Sea Route (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952) * Belov, M. I. Istoriia otkrytiia i osveniia Severnogo Morskogo Puti, 4 vols. (Leningrad, 1956–1969) * Horensma, Piers. The Soviet Arctic (London: Routledge, 1991) * McCannon, John. Red Arctic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998) * Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic? Defense & Security Analysis, September 2014. * Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy: between hard and soft power? Polar Journal, April 2014. Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Geography of Russia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Navigation Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union Sea lanes Transport in the Arctic Water transport in Russia Foreign trade of the Soviet Union Federal law enforcement agencies of Russia "

❤️ Colonial governors by year 🦅

"These are lists of territorial governors by century and by year, such as the administrators of colonies, protectorates, or other dependencies. Where applicable, native rulers are also listed. For the purposes of these lists, a current dependency is any entity listed on these lists of dependent territories and other entities. A dependent territory is normally a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state yet remains politically outside the controlling state's integral area. This latter condition distinguishes a dependent territory from an autonomous region or administrative division, which forms an integral part of the parent state. The administrators of uninhabited territories are excluded. Lists List of leaders of dependent territories List of current dependent territory leaders ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 21st century ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 20th century :2000 – 1999 – 1998 – 1997 – 1996 – 1995 – 1994 – 1993 – 1992 – 1991 :1990 – 1989 – 1988 – 1987 – 1986 – 1985 – 1984 – 1983 – 1982 – 1981 :1980 – 1979 – 1978 – 1977 – 1976 – 1975 – 1974 – 1973 – 1972 – 1971 :1970 – 1969 – 1968 – 1967 – 1966 – 1965 – 1964 – 1963 – 1962 – 1961 :1960 – 1959 – 1958 – 1957 – 1956 – 1955 – 1954 – 1953 – 1952 – 1951 :1950 – 1949 – 1948 – 1947 – 1946 – 1945 – 1944 – 1943 – 1942 – 1941 :1940 – 1939 – 1938 – 1937 – 1936 – 1935 – 1934 – 1933 – 1932 – 1931 :1930 – 1929 – 1928 – 1927 – 1926 – 1925 – 1924 – 1923 – 1922 – 1921 :1920 – 1919 – 1918 – 1917 – 1916 – 1915 – 1914 – 1913 – 1912 – 1911 :1910 – 1909 – 1908 – 1907 – 1906 – 1905 – 1904 – 1903 – 1902 – 1901 ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century :1900 – 1899 – 1898 – 1897 – 1896 – 1895 – 1894 – 1893 – 1892 – 1891 :1890 – 1889 – 1888 – 1887 – 1886 – 1885 – 1884 – 1883 – 1882 – 1881 :1880 – 1879 – 1878 – 1877 – 1876 – 1875 – 1874 – 1873 – 1872 – 1871 :1870 – 1869 – 1868 – 1867 – 1866 – 1865 – 1864 – 1863 – 1862 – 1861 :1860 – 1859 – 1858 – 1857 – 1856 – 1855 – 1854 – 1853 – 1852 – 1851 :1850 – 1849 – 1848 – 1847 – 1846 – 1845 – 1844 – 1843 – 1842 – 1841 :1840 – 1839 – 1838 – 1837 – 1836 – 1835 – 1834 – 1833 – 1832 – 1831 :1830 – 1829 – 1828 – 1827 – 1826 – 1825 – 1824 – 1823 – 1822 – 1821 :1820 – 1819 – 1818 – 1817 – 1816 – 1815 – 1814 – 1813 – 1812 – 1811 :1810 – 1809 – 1808 – 1807 – 1806 – 1805 – 1804 – 1803 – 1802 – 1801 ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 18th century :1800 – 1799 – 1798 – 1797 – 1796 – 1795 – 1794 – 1793 – 1792 – 1791 :1790 – 1789 – 1788 – 1787 – 1786 – 1785 – 1784 – 1783 – 1782 – 1781 :1780 – 1779 – 1778 – 1777 – 1776 – 1775 – 1774 – 1773 – 1772 – 1771 :1770 – 1769 – 1768 – 1767 – 1766 – 1765 – 1764 – 1763 – 1762 – 1761 :1760 – 1759 – 1758 – 1757 – 1756 – 1755 – 1754 – 1753 – 1752 – 1751 :1750 – 1749 – 1748 – 1747 – 1746 – 1745 – 1744 – 1743 – 1742 – 1741 :1740 – 1739 – 1738 – 1737 – 1736 – 1735 – 1734 – 1733 – 1732 – 1731 :1730 – 1729 – 1728 – 1727 – 1726 – 1725 – 1724 – 1723 – 1722 – 1721 :1720 – 1719 – 1718 – 1717 – 1716 – 1715 – 1714 – 1713 – 1712 – 1711 :1710 – 1709 – 1708 – 1707 – 1706 – 1705 – 1704 – 1703 – 1702 – 1701 ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 17th century ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 16th century ;List of governors of dependent territories in the 15th century ReferencesExternal links "

❤️ List of colonial governors in 1701 🦅

"Oman * Mombasa – Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Mazru‘i, Wali of Mombasa (1698–1728) Ottoman Empire * Principality of Abkhazia – Jigetshi (1700–1730) Portugal * Angola – *# Luís César de Meneses, Governor of Angola (1697–1701) *# Bernardino de Tavora de Sousa Távares, Governor of Angola (1701–1702) * Macau – Diogo de Melo Sampaio, Governor of Macau (1700–1702) 1701 "