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"Felice Nierenberg Schwartz (January 16, 1925 – February 8, 1996) was an American writer, advocate, and feminist. During her career, Schwartz founded two national advancement and advocacy organizations. In 1945, she established the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students (NSSFNS), an association committed to placing African Americans in institutions of higher education. In 1962, she founded Catalyst, a national organization dedicated to advancing women in the workplace, where she served as president for three decades. Schwartz is also well known for her controversial article, "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," published in Harvard Business Review in 1989. The article pitted her against other feminists, such as Betty Friedan, for pointing out the differences between men and women and their functions in the workplace.Angie Kim, March 31, 2010. “The Mommy Track Turns 21”. Slate. Accessed October 19, 2010. She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1998.National Women's Hall of Fame, Felice N. Schwartz Background Schwartz was born Felice Toba Nierenberg on January 16, 1925, in New York, to Jewish parents – businessman Albert Nierenberg, and his wife, Rose Irene (née Levin). After attending boarding school in Cooperstown, New York, she enrolled in Smith College, where she graduated in 1945. In 1946, she married Irving Schwartz,January 13, 1946, “Felice Nierenberg Bride of Captain; Smith Alumna Is Married to Irving Leon Schwartz of Army Medical Corps”. The New York Times. a physician, with whom she raised three children. After her father's death in 1951, she took over the ailing family manufacturing business with her brother, which they successfully saved and sold four years later. Career After graduation from Smith in 1945, Schwartz sought to address the extremely low number of African American students at the college. Because she had been one of only a few Jewish students at her high school, Schwartz empathized with the isolation of African Americans at Smith. That same year she founded the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students. The organization petitioned colleges and universities to open their doors to African American applicants, and matched qualified students with available scholarship money. In 1951, Schwartz left the organization to help manage the family business. However, she soon encountered the unpleasant realities of running a company as a woman,Baldwin, Louis. Women of Strength. pg 87. and she left to become a full-time mother after the birth of her second child. She had a third child and ultimately was out of the workforce for nine years. During this time, she became frustrated by the obstacles preventing educated mothers such as herself from entering or re-entering the workforce. In 1962, Schwartz contacted the presidents of several colleges, and a handful of them became the board of directors of Catalyst, Inc., a new organization that she hoped would address the issues she and others had experienced as businesswomen and mothers. At the time, Catalyst's mission was "to bring to our country's needs the unused capacities of educated women who want to combine family and work." Schwartz went on to lead Catalyst as its president for 30 years until her retirement in 1993. Over her career, Schwartz was a prolific writer. The piece that she is probably best known for, entitled "Management Women and the New Facts of Life," was published in the Harvard Business Review in 1989. The article was interpreted as suggesting that companies create two career paths to accommodate women who wish to balance career and family and women whose careers are their primary concern. It sparked a heated debate after The New York Times ridiculed Schwartz's idea, dubbing it the "Mommy Track."Tamar Lewin, March 8, 1989. “’Mommy Career Track' Sets Off a Furor”. The New York Times. Schwartz, however, maintained that her article was misinterpreted, saying, "I violated the politically correct thing by saying that women are not just like men. What I said then and still say is that women face many, many obstacles in the workplace that men do not face. I was saying to that group of men at the top, 'Rather than let women's talents go to waste, do something about it'."Nemy, Emid (February 10, 1996). "Felice N. Schwartz, 71, Dies; Working Women's Champion". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2010. Schwartz died on February 8, 1996, in Manhattan. Notes 1925 births 1996 deaths 20th-century American writers American feminist writers Jewish American writers Jewish feminists Smith College alumni Writers from New York (state) 20th-century American women writers "
"Lionel George Henricus Wendt (known as Lionel Wendt) (3 December 1900 – 19 December 1944) was a Ceylon pianist, photographer, literature collector, critic, and cinematographer. Wendt was a founder member of the Colombo '43 Group of Sri Lankan artists and along with George Keyt and Harold Peiris is also known for his efforts to popularise Kandyan dance and other Sri Lankan dance forms.Traditional dance in British Ceylon by Kamalika Pieris (The Island), Retrieved 22 October 2016 The Lionel Wendt Art Centre is a major art centre and theatre in Colombo, Sri Lanka, dedicated to his memory. Wendt's friend and poet Pablo Neruda wrote in his memoirs that Wendt "was the central figure of a cultural life torn between the death rattles of the Empire and a human appraisal of the untapped values of Ceylon." Born to Justice Henry Lorensz Wendt and Amelia Wendt, Lionel Wendt was educated at S. Thomas' College before traveling to London in 1919 to study law at the Inner Temple. He also studied at Royal Academy of Music under Oscar Beringer. He considered a career as a concert pianist, but return to Ceylon in 1924 and became an Advocate starting his brief legal practice. References External links SONG OF CEYLON *Lionel WENDT – National Gallery of Australia *Lionel Wendt web site in The Netherlands *Art Direct From The Artist-Nude Lionel Wendt *Various articles and links about Lionel Wendt on www.suravi.fr 1900 births 1944 deaths Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music Burgher artists Burgher lawyers Burgher musicians Ceylonese advocates Members of the Inner Temple People of British Ceylon Sri Lankan people of Dutch descent Sri Lankan photographers Sri Lankan pianists 20th- century pianists 20th-century Sri Lankan painters "
"Gemeenlandshuis of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland on the Breestraat in Leiden The Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland is the oldest water board of the Netherlands, having received its first commission to protect the land from flooding back in 1248 from William II of Holland. It conducts water control activities in the general area known as Rijnland. The Netherlands has 21 Waterboards or Waterschappen acting independently from the National government administration to manage the continuing Dutch struggle against water.:nl:Lijst van Nederlandse waterschappen History Count William II of Holland Granting Privileges in 1255 to the local Dike-wardens of Spaarndam by Caesar van Everdingen, 1654, originally commissioned for the Gemeenlandshuis Zwanenburg in Halfweg, and today in the collection of the Gemeenlandshuis Rijnland in Leiden Heraldic shields of the Halfweg Water Board members in 1646, the year that the Water Board built this house for board meetings, on the facade of the Gemeenlandshuis Zwanenburg in Halfweg. The first steps towards a formal method of dike management were taken in the 12th century when the Oude Rijn river silted shut at Katwijk. Even though the Lek river had already superseded the Oude Rijn as the most important means of transport and water management, the area around Leiden suffered dramatically from storm flooding. To combat this problem, the local nobility of Leiden decided to build a dam at Zwadenburg, now called Zwammerdam. This of course only moved the problem eastwards, towards Utrecht, where they complained to the German emperor Barbarossa. In 1165, he decided in favor of Utrecht and the dam was turned into a sluice. Meanwhile, work had already started on digging to increase the efficiency of the small rivers called the "Zyl" and "Does", which would carry the overflow towards the Haarlem Lake and the Kagerplassen.Website of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland This ambitious project was the result of 15 neighborhoods working together towards a common goal. By 1255, according to the oldest dated document in the Rijnland archives, there was already a group of officials called heemraden who oversaw the dikes along the IJ and at Zwammerdam. Their privileges were described in this document that was given to the dike warden of the area between Wassenaar, the Zwammerdam, and Spaarndam. At that time Rijnland was just one of the many water districts within the area. Each district had a bailiff, and it was the bailiff who was put in charge of dike maintenance. The term Dijkgraaf (official) only began to be used around 1400, when the water district borders differed greatly from the borders of the nearby municipalities. The success of the Zijl and Does river outlets was not enough to avoid heavy floods, and in 1248, a heavy storm again caused a lot of damage, so a dam was built at Spaarndam. This caused a fierce dispute with Haarlem, since that city was dependent on free access for ships to the IJ. The dispute was solved by building an extra sluice in 1253 for ships that could pass when the water levels on both sides of the sluice were the same.De Kleine Haarlemmer sluis on the website of the North Holland Archives To emphasize that control over the sluices and dikes at Spaarndam were under the jurisdiction of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland, Count Willem II granted the privileges to levy a toll on ships to the Dike wardens, and not to the city of Haarlem. It is this document from 1255 that is referred to in the painting by Caesar van Everdingen in 1654. From that point on, the heemraden at Spaarndam were called the heemraden van Rijnland. This would not be the last time that the city of Haarlem got into an argument with the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland. In 1514 a heavy storm broke the sluices and the dike at Spaarndam. Haarlem was happy to have the free passage of ships and refused to repair the dike. When the Hof van Holland decided in favor of repairs, Haarlem asked to have the dam (and sluices with their tolls) moved closer to the city. This would mean that Haarlem would have the dam on its own property, and they would have more control. The heemraden voted against it, and repairs were ordered. In 1517 the dam was not yet ready and Haarlem sent soldiers to destroy the work underway. Again the Hof van Holland needed to mediate the heated tempers and again the decision was in favor of the Heemraden. Haarlem was allowed its own sluice gate for small ships, the Klein Haarlemmersluis, which kept working until 1897, when a new sluice was built. To manage the finances of building and maintaining the dam and all its sluices, it was decided to split the costs (and toll income) among the water boards downstream. Haarlem paid for its own sluice gate, and the Woerdersluis was paid for by the Water board called the Grootwaterschap Woerden, which also released its water overflow via the Spaarndam sluices. Gemeenlandshuis The management of these complicated funding arrangements led to the formation of a new governing body in addition to the hoogheemraden, and these were the hoofdingelanden. These were large landowners with the Water board district who could oversee and approve the finances of the Water board. For several centuries, the daily work of the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland was run by one Dike warden and seven hoogheemraden, of which two came from Haarlem and five from Leiden. Their responsibilities were traditionally to oversee the dam at Spaarndam and the dikes along the Zijl and the Does. To meet efficiently, the Hoogheemraadschap bought a meeting hall in 1578, that was also the permanent residence of the Dike warden. The facade was renovated twenty years later in 1598 to keep up with the new town hall. This Gemeenlandshuis is the first one used by the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland, but to meet with the Amsterdam Water Board and inspect the dikes along the Haarlemmertrekvaart and the sluices at Halfweg, the Gemeenlandshuis Zwanenburg was built by Pieter Post in 1645-1648. Though nearly demolished today, there is a town named after this building in the Haarlemmermeerpolder called Zwanenburg. References * Waterschappen in Nederland: werken met water, een onberekenbare vriend, Koos Groen, Toon Schmeink, Bosch & Keuning, 1981, External links * Rijnland South Holland "