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"First Battle of Philippi (October 3, 42 BC) Second Battle of Philippi (October 23, 42 BC) Year 42 BC was either a common year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Plancus (or, less frequently, year 712 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 42 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events = By place = Roman Republic * January - Publius Vatinius, governor of Illyricum, seizes Dyrrachium and is forced to surrender his army (three legions) to Marcus Junius Brutus. * Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refuse to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieges Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdraw into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) force the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens make a heroic stand by the temple of Sarpedon and, as night falls, the Roman army conquers the city. The Xanthians prefer to perish in the flames rather than to yield. * The confederation of Lycia sends ambassadors to Brutus, promising to form a military league and contribute money for building ships. Gaius Cassius Longinus occupies Rhodes, and orders all the other cities of Asia to pay a tribute for 10 years. * July - Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus blockades, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), the Adriatic Sea. * August - Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Mark Antony, to lead an advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace. * September - Brutus and Cassius cross the Hellespont. They march to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass. * Saxa retreats to link up with Norbanus at the Sapaei Pass. The Republicans outflank the enemy, forging an alternate route through the mountains in the north. * Brutus and Cassius advance to Philippi and build fortifications. Antony links up with Norbanus and Saxa at Amphipolis, Octavian arrives on a litter 10 days later. * Sextus Pompeius leads, in Sicily, the naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea against the Triumvirs. He blockades the grain routes from Spain and Africa. * October 3 - First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian Caesar fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans, who have just arrived, are routed. Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men and, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead, Cassius commits suicide. He orders his freedman Pindarus to kill him. Brutus, fearing the impact on morale, secretly buries his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy, in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs. * October 23 - Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian. The Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in their flank. After the battle, 14,000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus flees to the heights of Philippi, where he commits suicide the following day. After the victory, Brutus' body is brought to Antonius' camp, where he casts his purple paludamentum over his dead body and orders an honourable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause is crushed, and Rome rests in the hands of the Second Triumvirate. * Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy. Births * November 16 - Tiberius, Roman emperor (d. 37 AD) * Marcus Claudius Marcellus, nephew of Augustus (d. 23 BC) Deaths * October 3 - Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide) * October 23 - Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (assassin of Julius Caesar) (b. 85 BC) * Gaius Antonius, Roman general and brother of Mark Antony (murdered) * Lucius Tillius Cimber, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Marcus Livius Drusus, Roman nobleman and supporter of Brutus (suicide) * Marcus Porcius Cato, Roman nobleman and son of Cato the Younger (killed in battle) * Porcia Catonis, wife of Brutus (suicide) (approximate date) (b. c. 70 BC) * Publius Servilius Casca Longius, Roman nobleman (assassin of Julius Caesar) * Quintus Antistius Labeo, Roman jurist (assassin of Julius Caesar) (suicide) References "
"The world in 50 BC Year 50 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paullus and Marcellus (or, less frequently, year 704 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 50 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events = By place = Roman Republic * Consuls: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor. * The Senate refuses Julius Caesar permission to stand for consul in absentia, and demands that he lay down his command. * The Roman artillery piece called Scorpio is invented. * Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus, detail of a wall painting in the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, is made (approximate date). * The Roman Republic takes control of Judea (approximate date). Births * Antonia, daughter of Mark Antony * Gaius Antistius Vetus, Roman consul (d. 1 AD) * Shammai, Jewish scholar and rabbi (d. 30 AD) Deaths * Aristobulus II, king of Judea * Quintus Hortensius, Roman orator and advocate (b. 114 BC) In fiction * The Asterix comic books are all set around this year. References "
"The United Nations has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids. Predicted and scheduled events *January 1 - Assuming no further extensions to the term of copyrights become law in the interim, Steamboat Willie and The Gallopin' Gaucho will enter the public domain, as well as other books, films, and other works published in 1928. *January 1 - Bulgaria and Croatia are expected to adopt the euro and become the 20th and 21st member states of the Eurozone. This will be the first enlargement of the monetary union since Lithuania's entry in 2015. *January 12 - January 28 The 2024 European Men's Handball Championship will be held in Germany *January 19 - February 2 The 2024 Winter Youth Olympics will be held in Gangwon, South Korea * March 17 The 2024 Russian presidential election is to be held in Russia *March 25 - March 2024 lunar eclipse. *April 8 - A total solar eclipse will be visible in the Central Pacific Ocean, northern Mexico, eastern, southwestern and central US, southeastern Canada and northern Atlantic Ocean. *May 2 - The next UK general election is scheduled to be held on this date in accordance with the Fixed- term Parliaments Act. It will elect the 59th Parliament of the UK and will be the first general election after Brexit. *May 26 - Comet 9P/Tempel 1 will pass 0.55 AU from Jupiter and may break apart due to gravitational forces. * May 27 - Queen Elizabeth II will become the longest ever reigning monarch of a fully sovereign state if she is still alive and reigning. * July 1 - General Elections for Mexico's president will be held. * July 26 - August 11 - The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France. * September 4-15 - The 2024 Summer Paralympics will be held in Paris, France. * September 18 - September 2024 lunar eclipse. * October NASA's Orion spacecraft to be launched on the Space Launch System. and land on the Moon * October 1 - Jimmy Carter will become the first US president to be 100 years old if still alive that year. * October 2 - Solar eclipse of October 2, 2024. * November 5 - The United States will hold its 60th quadrennial presidential election. References Leap years in the Gregorian calendar "