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"Paul Rodney McHugh (born 1931) is an American psychiatrist, researcher, and educator. He is University Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the author, co-author, or editor of seven books in his field. McHugh is a vocal proponent of Catholic- informed and socially conservative stances relating to sexual orientation and transgender people. Some scientists accuse McHugh of misrepresenting scientific research relating to sexual orientation. Education Paul McHugh was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the son of a Lowell High School teacher and a homemaker.McHugh, Paul R. (2006). The mind has mountains: Reflections on society and psychiatry. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, copyright page. He graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1948,from Harvard College in 1952 and from Harvard Medical School in 1956. While at Harvard he was "introduced to and ultimately directed away from the Freudian school of psychiatry".McHugh, P. R. (2008). Try to Remember: Psychiatry's Clash over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. New York, DANA, p. 26Jim Duffy, Straight-shooting Shrink , Hopkins Medical News, Winter, 1999. After medical school, McHugh's education was influenced by George Thorn, the physician-in-chief at the Harvard-affiliated Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now Brigham and Women's Hospital). Thorn was disillusioned with Freudian psychiatry and felt that those who devoted themselves to it became single- minded, failing to improve as doctors. Thorn encouraged McHugh to develop a different career path, suggesting that he enter the field of psychiatry by first studying neurology. At Thorn's recommendation, McHugh was accepted into the neurology and neuropathology residency program at the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he studied for three years under Dr. Raymond Adams, chief of the neurology department.McHugh, P. R. (2008). Try to Remember: Psychiatry's Clash over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. New York, DANA, p. 26-29 McHugh then went to the Institute of Psychiatry in London, where he studied under Sir Aubrey Lewis and was supervised by James Gibbons and Gerald Russell. McHugh next went to the Division of Neuropsychiatry at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.McHugh, P. R. (2008). Try to Remember: Psychiatry's Clash over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. New York, DANA, p. 31 McHugh is a practicing Catholic. According to a 2002 New York Times article, he is a Democrat "who describes himself as religiously orthodox, politically liberal and culturally conservative — a believer in marriage and the Marines, a supporter of institutions and family values". Career After his training, McHugh held various academic and administrative positions, including Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College (where he founded the Bourne Behavioral Research Laboratory), Clinical Director and Director of Residency Education at the New York Presbyterian Hospital Westchester Division. After reportedly being passed over for the Cornell chair in favor of Robert Michaels, he left New York to become Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Oregon. During the 1960s, McHugh co-authored papers on hydrocephalus, depression and suicide, and amygdaloid stimulation. From 1975 till 2001, McHugh served as the Henry Phipps Professor of Psychiatry and the director of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at the Johns Hopkins University. At the same time, he was psychiatrist-in-chief at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is currently University Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.McHugh, P. R. (2008). Try to Remember: Psychiatry's Clash over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. New York, DANA Press. His research has focused on the neuroscientific foundations of motivated behaviors, psychiatric genetics, epidemiology, and neuropsychiatry. In 1975, McHugh co-authored (along with M. F. Folstein and S. E. Folstein) a paper entitled "Mini-Mental State: A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician". This paper details the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), an exam consisting of 11 questions, that assesses patients for signs of dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment. In 1979, in his capacity as chair of the Department of Psychiatry, McHugh ended gender reassignment surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital.Richard P. Fitzgibbons, M.D., Philip M. Sutton, and Dale O’Leary, The Psychopathology of “Sex Reassignment” Surgery, Assessing Its Medical, Psychological, and Ethical Appropriateness, The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, Spring 2009, p. 100. In 2017 the clinic was reopened." In 1983, McHugh and colleague Phillip R. Slavney co-authored The Perspectives of Psychiatry, which presented the Johns Hopkins approach to psychiatry. The book "seeks to systematically apply the best work of behaviorists, psychotherapists, social scientists and other specialists long viewed as at odds with each other". A second edition was published in 1998. He was a founder in 1992 and board member in the 1990s of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, which raised skepticism about adults who claimed to have recovered long-buried memories of childhood sexual abuse or incest. Throughout the 1990s, McHugh was active in debunking the idea of recovered memory — that is, the idea that people could suddenly and spontaneously remember childhood sexual abuse. In 1992, McHugh announced that he was going to leave Johns Hopkins and accept a position as director and CEO of Friends Hospital in Philadelphia. The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine sought to retain him and was successful in doing so. That year, McHugh was elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) - National Academies of Science - now the National Academy of Medicine. McHugh treated author Tom Wolfe for depression suffered following coronary bypass surgery. Wolfe dedicated his 1998 novel, A Man in Full to McHugh, “whose brilliance, comradeship and unfailing kindness saved the day.”Wolfe, Tom. (1998). A Man in Full. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. In 2001, McHugh was appointed by President George W. Bush to the Presidential Council on Bioethics. The Council was charged with the task of making recommendations as to what the U.S. federal government's policy regarding embryonic stem cells should be. McHugh was against using new lines of embryonic stem cells derived from in vitro fertilization but was in favor of the use of stem cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In SCNT, the nucleus of a cell is removed and replaced by another cell nucleus. McHugh felt that cells created in this fashion could be regarded as merely tissue, whereas stem cells taken from embryos caused the killing of an unborn child."Zygote and 'Clonote': The ethical use of embryonic stem cells. in The Mind Has Mountains: Reflections on Society and Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 237-241. In 2002, McHugh was appointed to a lay panel assembled by the Roman Catholic Church to look into sexual abuse by Catholic priests in the United States."Psychiatrist on Catholic Panel Criticized," The Washington Post. This appointment was controversial, as McHugh had previously served as expert witness in the defense of numerous priests accused of child sexual abuse. David Clohessy, Director of the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests, was appalled at McHugh's inclusion."Bishops appoint sexual abuse review panel," Tampa Bay Times. McHugh said the furor surprised him. In 2012, McHugh and Slavney published an essay in The New England Journal of Medicine criticizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which was soon to be published in its fifth edition. One of their main criticisms is that the DSM, since its third edition, uses a top-down checklist approach to diagnosis rather than a thorough bottom-up approach. McHugh compared the DSM to a field guide used by amateur birders to identify birds. McHugh was featured in a 2017 Netflix documentary, The Keepers, for his role in the defense in the 1995 trial, Jane Doe et al. v. A. Joseph Maskell et al., which was a case involving the sexual abuse of two women at the hands of a Catholic priest, Father Joseph Maskell. Gender, sexuality and sex reassignment surgery McHugh opposes sex reassignment surgery for transgender people. In 1979, he shut down the gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins, saying that another researcher found that most of the people he tracked down who had undergone this type of surgery "were contented with what they had done and that only a few regretted it. But in every other respect, they were little changed in their psychological condition. They had much the same problems with relationships, work, and emotions as before. The hope that they would emerge now from their emotional difficulties to flourish psychologically had not been fulfilled". He has said that medical treatment for transgender youth is “like performing liposuction on an anorexic child”, described post-operative transgender women as “caricatures of women” because the surgery failed to change many of their male traits, and stated that “The transgendered suffer a disorder of 'assumption.'” In his book The Man Who Would Be Queen, psychologist J. Michael Bailey writes that McHugh's concerns are "worth taking seriously", but criticizes McHugh's conclusions, saying "we simply have no idea how to make gender dysphoria go away. I suspect that both autogynephilic and homosexual gender dysphoria result from early and irreversible developmental processes in the brain. If so, learning more about the origins of transsexualism will not get us much closer to curing it." McHugh considers homosexuality to be an “erroneous desire” and supported 2008 California Proposition 8.Kristin Perry v. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Dennis Hollingsworth United States Court of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit The New Atlantis controversy and criticism In August 2016, McHugh, at the time retired, co-authored a 143-page article on gender and sexuality in The New Atlantis, a non-peer reviewed journal published under the auspices of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a Christian-focused conservative think tank.McHugh Paul R., Sexuality and Gender: Findings from the Biological, Psychological, and Social Sciences In September 2016 Johns Hopkins University faculty members Chris Beyrer, Robert W. Blum, and Tonia C. Poteat wrote a Baltimore Sun op-ed, to which six other Johns Hopkins faculty members also contributed, in which they indicated concerns about McHugh's co- authored report, which they said mischaracterized the current state of science on gender and sexuality."Bishops appoint sexual abuse review panel," The Baltimore Sun. They wrote that it “mischaracterizes the current state of the science on sexuality and gender.” More than 600 students, faculty members, interns, alumni and others at the medical school also signed a petition calling on the university and hospital to disavow the paper. “These are dated, now-discredited theories,” said Chris Beyrer, a professor at the public health school and part of the faculty group that denounced McHugh’s stance. Geneticist Dean Hamer condemned McHugh’s publication as a misrepresentation of scientific evidence and his own genetics research. Hamer criticized McHugh use of outdated and “cherry picked” studies, and describes McHugh’s call for “more research” as “dubious” since McHugh has a “long history of blocking such efforts”, including closing the gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins. Hamer concludes that “when the data we have struggled so long and hard to collect is twisted and misinterpreted by people who call themselves scientists, and who receive the benefits and protection of a mainstream institution such as John Hopkins Medical School, it disgusts me.” Books = Author = * McHugh, P. R. (2006). Try to Remember: Psychiatry's Clash over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. New York: DANA. * -. (2008). The Mind Has Mountains: Reflections on Society and Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. = Co-author = * Hedblom, J. H., & McHugh, P. R. (2007). Last Call: Alcoholism and Recovery. * Fagan, P. J., & McHugh, P. R. Sexual Disorders: Perspectives on Diagnosis and Treatment. * Neubauer, D. N., & McHugh, P. R. Understanding Sleeplessness: Perspectives on Insomnia. * McHugh, P. R., & Slavney, P. R. (1998). The Perspectives of Psychiatry, 2nd ed. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. = Editor = * McHugh, P. R., & McKusick. Eds. (1990). Genes, Brain, and Behavior. References External links * Paul R. McHugh's profile at Johns Hopkins Medicine * Paul R. McHugh's articles at First Things. * Paul R. McHugh's articles at Public Discourse. 1931 births Living people Harvard Medical School alumni American psychiatrists People from Lawrence, Massachusetts Johns Hopkins University faculty University of Oregon faculty Cornell University faculty Psychiatry academics American Roman Catholics Transgender studies academics Catholics from Massachusetts Harvard College alumni "
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"In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a graph C is a covering graph of another graph G if there is a covering map from the vertex set of C to the vertex set of G. A covering map f is a surjection and a local isomorphism: the neighbourhood of a vertex v in C is mapped bijectively onto the neighbourhood of f(v) in G. The term lift is often used as a synonym for a covering graph of a connected graph. Though it may be misleading, there is no (obvious) relationship between covering graph and vertex cover or edge cover. The combinatorial formulation of covering graphs is immediately generalized to the case of multigraphs. If we identify a multigraph with a 1-dimensional cell complex, a covering graph is nothing but a special example of covering spaces of topological spaces, so that the terminology in the theory of covering spaces is available; say covering transformation group, universal covering, abelian covering, and maximal abelian covering. Definition Let G = (V1, E1) and C = (V2, E2) be two graphs, and let f: V2 → V1 be a surjection. Then f is a covering map from C to G if for each v ∈ V2, the restriction of f to the neighbourhood of v is a bijection onto the neighbourhood of f(v) in G. Put otherwise, f maps edges incident to v one-to-one onto edges incident to f(v). If there exists a covering map from C to G, then C is a covering graph, or a lift, of G. An h-lift is a lift such that the covering map f has the property that for every vertex v of G, its fiber f−1(v) has exactly h elements. Examples In the following figure, the graph C is a covering graph of the graph H. :File:Covering-graph-4.svg The covering map f from C to H is indicated with the colours. For example, both blue vertices of C are mapped to the blue vertex of H. The map f is a surjection: each vertex of H has a preimage in C. Furthermore, f maps bijectively each neighbourhood of a vertex v in C onto the neighbourhood of the vertex f(v) in H. For example, let v be one of the purple vertices in C; it has two neighbours in C, a green vertex u and a blue vertex t. Similarly, let v′ be the purple vertex in H; it has two neighbours in H, the green vertex u′ and the blue vertex t′. The mapping f restricted to {t, u, v} is a bijection onto {t′, u′, v′}. This is illustrated in the following figure: :File:Covering-graph-4-a.svg Similarly, we can check that the neighbourhood of a blue vertex in C is mapped one-to-one onto the neighbourhood of the blue vertex in H: :File:Covering-graph-4-b.svg Double cover In the above example, each vertex of H has exactly 2 preimages in C. Hence H is a 2-fold cover or a double cover of C. For any graph G, it is possible to construct the bipartite double cover of G, which is a bipartite graph and a double cover of G. The bipartite double cover of G is the tensor product of graphs G × K2: :File:Covering-graph-2.svg If G is already bipartite, its bipartite double cover consists of two disjoint copies of G. A graph may have many different double covers other than the bipartite double cover. Universal cover For any connected graph G, it is possible to construct its universal covering graph.Angluin 1980. This is an instance of the more general universal cover concept from topology; the topological requirement that a universal cover be simply connected translates in graph- theoretic terms to a requirement that it be acyclic and connected; that is, a tree. The universal covering graph is unique (up to isomorphism). If G is a tree, then G itself is the universal covering graph of G. For any other finite connected graph G, the universal covering graph of G is a countably infinite (but locally finite) tree. The universal covering graph T of a connected graph G can be constructed as follows. Choose an arbitrary vertex r of G as a starting point. Each vertex of T is a non-backtracking walk that begins from r, that is, a sequence w = (r, v1, v2, ..., vn) of vertices of G such that * vi and vi+1 are adjacent in G for all i, i.e., w is a walk * vi-1 ≠ vi+1 for all i, i.e., w is non-backtracking. Then, two vertices of T are adjacent if one is a simple extension of another: the vertex (r, v1, v2, ..., vn) is adjacent to the vertex (r, v1, v2, ..., vn-1). Up to isomorphism, the same tree T is constructed regardless of the choice of the starting point r. The covering map f maps the vertex (r) in T to the vertex r in G, and a vertex (r, v1, v2, ..., vn) in T to the vertex vn in G. =Examples of universal covers= The following figure illustrates the universal covering graph T of a graph H; the colours indicate the covering map. :File:Covering-graph-5.svg For any k, all k-regular graphs have the same universal cover: the infinite k-regular tree. Topological crystal An infinite-fold abelian covering graph of a finite (multi)graph is called a topological crystal, an abstraction of crystal structures. For example, the diamond crystal as a graph is the maximal abelian covering graph of the four-edge dipole graph. This view combined with the idea of "standard realizations" turns out to be useful in a systematic design of (hypothetical) crystals. Planar cover A planar cover of a graph is a finite covering graph that is itself a planar graph. The property of having a planar cover may be characterized by forbidden minors, but the exact characterization of this form remains unknown. Every graph with an embedding in the projective plane has a planar cover coming from the orientable double cover of the projective plane; in 1988, Seiya Nagami conjectured that these are the only graphs with planar covers, but this remains unproven.. Voltage graphs A common way to form covering graphs uses voltage graphs, in which the darts of the given graph G (that is, pairs of directed edges corresponding to the undirected edges of G) are labeled with inverse pairs of elements from some group. The derived graph of the voltage graph has as its vertices the pairs (v,x) where v is a vertex of G and x is a group element; a dart from v to w labeled with the group element y in G corresponds to an edge from (v,x) to (w,xy) in the derived graph. The universal cover can be seen in this way as a derived graph of a voltage graph in which the edges of a spanning tree of the graph are labeled by the identity element of the group, and each remaining pair of darts is labeled by a distinct generating element of a free group. The bipartite double can be seen in this way as a derived graph of a voltage graph in which each dart is labeled by the nonzero element of the group of order two. Notes References * Chris Godsil and Gordon Royle: Algebraic Graph Theory, Springer, 2004. Sect. 6.8. * Alon Amit, Nathan Linial, Jiří Matoušek, and Eyal Rozenman: "Random lifts of graphs", Proc. SODA 2001, p. 883–894. * Dana Angluin: "Local and global properties in networks of processors", Proc. STOC 1980, p. 82–93. Graph theory "